![]() ![]() This smartphone uses a 64-bit Apple A7 microprocessor and an M7 motion coprocessor with a 4-inch retina display screen of 1,136 × 640 pixel resolution and 326 ppi. The iPhone 5s was initially introduced in September 2012. The video mode on iPhone 4s records in 1,080 progressive scan (1080p) high definition (HD) with 30 frames per second (fps) and video stabilization. The software allows the user to change focus using the autofocus sensor and a tap-to-focus setting. The camera has an 8-megapixel image sensor, f/2.4 aperture, and a light-emitting diode (LED) flash. This smartphone uses a 32-bit A5 microprocessor with a 3.5-inch retina display screen with 960 × 640 pixel resolution and 326 pixels per inch (ppi). The iPhone 4s was introduced to the public market in October 2011. The interface of each iPhone was similar, but the internal hardware was different. Each was used to take ocular photographs using techniques of external (macrophotography), slit-lamp (microphotography), and fundus imaging (fundus photography). There were two versions of the iPhone used in this investigation, including the iPhone 4s and iPhone 5s. We compared the iPhone images to standard imaging techniques taken on the same day. We intentionally used the iPhone and Apple's default applications only, removing any need to purchase special applications, coupling devices, or additional equipment. ![]() We chose the universally available Apple iPhone (Apple, Inc., Cupertino, Calif., USA) to explore the capability, quality, and technical feasibility of obtaining ophthalmic imaging using external, slit-lamp, and ocular fundus viewpoints. The combination of the availability of consumer camera phones and the need for more universal ophthalmic imaging led to our interest in exploring a smartphone camera alternative to image the eye. In the general public, consumer-oriented imaging technology has dramatically improved over the past 8 years, with the ability to produce high-resolution photographic images using a miniature camera embedded in a cellular telephone. Efforts have been made to enhance image quality, simplify photographic equipment, and design more elegant and less invasive methodology. In the field of ophthalmology, imaging is paramount in the diagnosis and documentation of ocular disease. ![]()
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