![]() Confined for a week until he cooled down, Charles conducted himself in a way that disturbed his father. ![]() In September 1733 relations between Charles and his tutor broke down when he kicked Murray and threatened to kill him if he attempted to chastise him again. James held out for Paris, but France's treaties with Britain made this impracticable. In 1732–3 James explored the possibility of the prince's going to Switzerland to be educated (as Cardinal Fleury suggested) or to France (the option backed by Viscount Bolingbroke, James's former secretary of state). When the prince's will was thwarted he fell ill: a pattern of behaviour which was to continue into his adult life. At this time, his bad behaviour is remarked on: his parents' marriage, his mother's condition, his father's melancholy, and the fact that Murray wished to resign as his tutor must all have been contributing factors. In July 1730 Charles suffered an attack of smallpox: but his youth no doubt helped to save him from death or disfigurement. James, meanwhile, began to plan his elder son's future: an idea that he should marry the Austrian emperor's youngest daughter being succeeded by the suggestion of an alliance to the princess of Mecklenbourg. While in Rome Charles rode, promenaded, attended mass, and socialized: in June the philosophe Montesquieu was very taken by both princes. ![]() In April 1729 Charles returned with his father to the Palazzo Muti, while his mother remained in Bologna: Clementina did, however, come to Rome subsequently, although James as a consequence spent much of the time at his summer residence at Albano with his sons. He impressed his cousin, the duke of Liria, on a visit in 1727.Ī brief reconciliation between his parents in 1727–8 was undermined by Clementina's nervousness and depression: in May Charles wrote a ' very sad letter to his father in Rome, promising not to upset his mother by jumping near her' ( McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart, 27). Even at this young age riding, shooting, tennis, shuttlecock, languages (English, French, Italian), and dancing were among the prince's accomplishments, to which golf was soon to be added. The prince then accompanied his father to Bologna, where he stayed for the next three years: Sheridan, to whom Charles became closely attached, undertook most of his day-to-day education because of the controversy over Murray. Before this happened, the pope personally catechized Charles at an audience on 16 September to ensure that he was being brought up a Catholic. At the beginning of 1726 Philip V of Spain added his voice in opposition, and when James's papal pension was halved, following support for the pope from the general of the Society of Jesus, he decided to remove to Bologna. The pope stated his opposition to a non-Catholic tutor, and allegations circulated to the effect that Charles had been taught to laugh at the angelus and despise priests and monks. ![]() Clementina appealed to the pope, and inquiry was made into ' the extent of Anglican practices in the Palazzo Muti' ( ibid., 18). In November his mother left to go into a convent. This was a decision opposed by Clementina (partly on personal grounds, partly on the grounds that Murray was an episcopalian), and formed part of the circumstances which began the breakdown of Charles's parents' marriage in 1725, about the time of the birth of his brother, Henry Benedict. In January 1724 the Roman Catholic convert Andrew Ramsay was appointed as his tutor, an intriguing choice terminated by court infighting that November, when the gifted philosophe Ramsay was replaced by James Murray (whom James made Jacobite earl of Dunbar) as governor, and Thomas Sheridan, Stuart emissary in Vienna, as under-governor. By the age of three his liking for music and play on the violin were remarked on by John Hay, titular earl of Inverness. His father doted on his Carluccio, awarding him ' the Garter and the St Andrew' ( McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart, 14) on 25 December 1722. Charles was brought up at the Palazzo Muti, the Stuart residence in Rome. ![]()
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